August 2022

Transport across the plasma membrane: Passive transport, Active Transport, For Class 10th, 11th,  12th, and NEET

Leave a Comment / Botany, Plant Physiology /

Facilitated Diffusion
This is the passage of particular molecules through the membrane using a particular carrier protein and a concentration gradient. Thus, each carrier has its structure and only permits one molecule (or one set of closely related compounds) to pass through, similar to how enzymes do.
Selection is based on size, shape, and charge. Glucose and amino acids are typical substances that enter or exit cells in this manner.
It uses no energy from the cell and is passive. The concentration gradient of glucose will be maintained high if the molecule is altered upon entry into the cell (glucose + ATP → glucose phosphate + ADP), resulting in constant one-way traffic.

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Rauvolfia serpentine: History, Classification, Distribution, Morphological Features and Uses

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Rauwolfia serpentina is said to appear in Sanskrit as an Ayurvedic medicine named Sarpgandha and Chandra. Sarpgandha, snakes smell or repellant refers to the use as an antidote for Snake-bite. Sen and Bose in 1931 reported the Rauwolfia serpentina valuable and safe in the treatment of High blood pressure “almost to a precision not found possible with any other drug, Eastern or western”. In 1949 Vakil concluded that, after extensive trials of various hypotensive remedies in several thousand cases of hypertension, in both private and hospital practice during the previous ten years, He found Rauwolfia serpentina to be the most successful drug and maintain a definite place in medicine because Rauwolfia serpentina lowered both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and It was non-toxic, with only mild toxic effects.

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Artificial vegetative propagation: Definition, Cutting, Layering, Grafting, and Advantages For Class 10th,11th, and NEET

Leave a Comment / Botany, Reproduction in Flowering Plants /

Advantages of the artificial vegetative propagation approach.
The following are some benefits of artificial propagation:
1. The genotype of newly created plants is unchanged from the parent plant.
2. A single plant can quickly produce a large number of plants.
3. The plant’s growth patterns can be adjusted to the surroundings.
4. Useful traits from two separate people can be blended to create new varieties.
5. Where seed output is low or plants don’t generate seeds, it helps to grow more plants.

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Santalum album: Habit, Distribution, Characteristics, Phytochemical Constituents,  Aromatic and, medicinal value

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1. The Santalum album Linn., often known as “Chandan” locally, is a member of the plant kingdom’s Santalaceae family.
2. The genus Santalum, which is in the family Santalaceae, is home to the most widely recognized and commonly used fragrant tree known as the sandalwood tree.
3. The term sandalwood alone indicates that it is a woody tree. The tree is also referred to as a white sandal tree in English and is traded as East Indian sandalwood. It is listed as a plant species that is vulnerable (IUCN 2000).
4. A small to medium-sized tree with opposite leaves, axillary or terminal hermaphrodite blooms, a trichotomous panniculate cymose inflorescence, and small globose fruiting berries, the Santalum album is evergreen, glabrous, and semi-parasitic.
5. The heartwood is yellowish in colour and fragrant, whereas the sapwood is white and odourless.

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FRUITS: Definition, Classifications, Simple, Fleshy, Dry, Aggregate, and Multiple Fruits For Class 10th,11th, and NEET

1 Comment / Botany, Plant Physiology /

The fully developed, the fertilised ovary is known as a fruit. The fruit that grows from an ovary is referred to as true fruit. Fruit that has been formed from sources other than the ovary is referred to as “false fruit.” or “Pseudo carp.” Non-fertilized fruit is referred to as “parthenocarpic fruit.”
Classifications
Fruits are divided into three main types. These are
1) Simple fruits: A simple fruit is a form of fruit that arises from the syncarpous ovary of a single flower.
2) Aggregate fruits: Fruit that has developed from an Apocarpus ovary of a single flower.
(3) Multiple fruits: The entire fruit of the inflorescence was developed.

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Papaya Carica’s Traditional and Medical Uses

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The fruit of the solitary species in the genus Carica of the plant family Caricaceae is the papaya, often known as papaw or pawpaw. It is indigenous to the Americas’ tropics. A big, tree-like plant, the papaya has a single stem that can reach heights of 5 to 10 m (16 to 33 ft) and is covered in spirally arranged leaves only at the top of the trunk. The leaves are enormous, 50–70 cm in diameter, and have seven lobes that are deeply palmately lobed. Unless lopped, the tree is often unbranched. The leaves axils sprout blooms, which develop into substantial fruit. When the fruit is tender to the touch and has an amber to orange tint on its skin, it is ripe. These papaya nutritional benefits aid in stopping the oxidation of cholesterol. In addition to being a strong source of vitamins A, B, and G and vitamin C, papaya is also high in iron and calcium (ascorbic acid). Terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, and steroids can be found in unripe C. papaya extracts. These papaya nutritional benefits aid in stopping the oxidation of cholesterol. In addition to being a strong source of vitamins A, B, and G and vitamin C, papaya is also high in iron and calcium (ascorbic acid). Terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, and steroids can be found in unripe C. papaya extracts.

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Papaya: Classification, Distribution, Botanical Description, and Uses

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The fruit of the papaya plant, Carica papaya, popularly known as papaw or pawpaw, is the sole member of the plant family Caricaceae with chromosome number 18. (Martelleto et al 2008). The red- and pink-fleshed varieties of the Carica papaya are referred to as papaya in Australia, whereas the yellow-fleshed varieties are called pawpaw. The plant is known as papaya in India (Dhillon 2013). It is indigenous to America’s tropics. One of the most significant economic crops in the tropics and subtropics is papaya (Reddy and Gowda 2014). Despite being a tropical fruit, it may also be cultivated in sub-tropical environments (Allan 2002, Galan and Rodriguez 2007). A fruit crop with a brief lifespan that can reach a height of 30 feet is the papaya. The stem is hollow and typically unbranched with softwood. Long stalked, palm-like leaves are present. Fruit from a pistillate flower has an ovoid-oblong form. The fruit is a berry with flesh. Smooth and green when unripe, papaya skin turns yellowish or orange when fully ripe. Orange or reddish-orange, the centre cavity is five-angled. The seeds are round, wrinkled, and black or greyish. The gelatinous sarcotesta is made of the exterior integument (Kumar et al 2013). Although papayas are hermaphrodite, they can also be dioecious. It is a well-liked crop among farmers, and there is a steady market demand for the fruits. It is a highly lucrative crop that has a favourable cost-benefit ratio (Sharma and Zote 2010). Papaya growth stops in subtropical climates at temperatures below 11 °C (Allan et al 2002). Therefore, papaya growing under protection in a subtropical area might offer the best conditions for the fruit’s development and productivity. With the important additional benefit of the Ring spot virus being excluded, growth and blooming benefits from the environment within the enclosed chambers result in improved yields, both in fruit quality and quantity (Galan and Rodriguez 2007). Determining papaya productivity and quality characteristics under protected agriculture is therefore crucial.

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POLLUTION OF AIR AND WATER: Questions and Answers CBSE/NCERT For Class 8th Science Chapter 18

Leave a Comment / CBSE/NCERT Class 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th Biology /

Describe four techniques to conserve air.
Ans: Here are a few strategies for preserving air: To lower air pollution, planting trees is crucial.
Use of smokeless stoves with efficient designs.
Utilizing smokeless fuels like LPG and CNG.
Equipping automobiles with a unique mechanism known as a catalytic converter to reduce vehicle emissions
Preventing the release of waste gases into the environment by using electrostatic precipitators to remove solid particles, such as carbon, from the gases.

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Khaya anthotheca: Origin, Classification, Characteristics, and Uses

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Khaya anthotheca, a member of the Meliaceae family, has six species, four of which are found in equatorial Africa and two each in Madagascar and the Comores (Wiselius, 1998). The paripinnate leaves and mostly spherical, 4-5 valved, dehiscent woody capsules of this genus make it simple to identify. Numerous trial plantations in Indonesia and Peninsular Malaysia introduced Khaya members (Wiselius, 1998). Khaya species are tall, with cylindric boles, and are naturally fast-growing. It is virtually always grown in homesteads across Bangladesh, primarily in the country’s southwestern regions. It was impossible to identify due to a paucity of fruiting and flowering plants. Its flowering and fruiting specimens were taken from Jessore in 2009.

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Blackboard Tree: Classification, Distribution, Characteristics, and Uses

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Alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, leucoanthocyanins, reducing sugars, simple phenolics, steroids, saponins, and tannins are all frequently found in the A. scholaris plant. Eight elements, including Cu, Zn, Fe, Ca, Cr, Mn, and Cd, are present in the leaf extract. Four picrin type monoterpenoids—5-methoxyaspidophylline, picrinine, picralinal, and 5-methoxystrictamine—are present in the ethanolic extract of leaves. The first seco-uleine alkaloids are present in the methanolic extract of leaves. Alstonic acids A and B, 2, 3-secofernane triterpenoids, and the indole alkaloid N-methyl-picrine are all present in the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves.

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