HALLMARKS OF CANCER
The biological capabilities that human tumours acquire during their multi-step carcinogenesis process are known as hallmarks of cancer. It serves as the foundation for making sense of the intricacies of neoplasia.
Special Movements
1. Eversion: pointing the foot’s sole laterally and outward.
2. Inversion: pointing the foot’s sole medially inward. The most typical method of ankle spraining.
3. Dorsiflexion, which involves pointing the toes or foot upward.
4. Plantar flexion: standing on “tippy toes,” pointing the toes downward, and lengthening the ankle.
5. Lateral flexion, which is the bending of the spine to the left or right without twisting.
6. Protraction: anterior movement in the horizontal plane, such as protruding your jaw.
7. Retraction: returning to the anatomical position by doing the opposite of protraction.
8. Opposition: thumb motion in the direction of fingers. To hold onto things. The reverse is repositioning.
9. Elevation: better movement, such as shoulder shrugging.
A joint or place of articulation is the location where two or more skeleton bones are joined to one another.
When two or more bones in the body come into close contact with one another and are joined by ligaments or cartilage, the result is a joint or place of articulation.
Blood platelets are disc-shaped, non-nucleated cell fragments that range in diameter from 2 to 4 µm. In actuality, platelets are not cells. They come from fragments of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes that live in the red bone marrow.
WBCs are the largest blood cells. Leucocytes make up only over 1% of the blood volume, Leucocytes and erythrocytes differ in several ways:
1. Each leucocyte has a nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles, proving that they are actual cells.
2. There is no Hb in them.
3. Erythrocytes are not movable, although leucocytes are.
4. Leucocytes can exit veins and penetrate the surrounding tissue, while erythrocytes typically do not leave the vascular system.
5. The lifespan of the majority of leucocytes is relatively short.
Physiological Factors influencing RBC number
• The RBC count is higher in children than in adults, and it is quite high during birth (8–10 million mm).
• During excitement, the RBC count rises at high elevations and in warm weather.
• During pregnancy, women’s red blood cell counts are often low. Low altitude is associated with a decrease in RBC count.
The term “Cardiopulmonary resuscitation” (CPR) describes a set of life-saving emergency procedures used to physically revive a person experiencing cardiac arrest.
Blood is a fluid connective tissue. It moves continuously throughout the body, enabling continuous contact with tissues that are far apart. About 7% of a 72 kg man’s body weight is made up of blood (5.6 litres). Women have a lower proportion, but children have a higher proportion (which steadily declines until it reaches the adult level).
Blood: Definition, Functions, and Components Read More »
Diabetes is a metabolic disease, characterized by hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar levels. Normal digestion of food produces glucose, which enters the bloodstream and serves as the body’s fuel. Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, helps in transferring glucose from the bloodstream into the liver, muscles, and fat for use as fuel.
Genetic Markers: Molecular taxonomists use specific genetic markers (sequences) to compare and classify organisms. Common genetic markers include mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and nuclear DNA sequences.
