Botany

Lichens: Economic Importance

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Lichen: Definition
Lichens are a small group of curious plants. Lichen represents the permanent association between Algae and Fungi. This association is a symbiotic association, it means both the partners are mutually benefitted. The Algal partner which is associated with the body of the lichen is called Phycobiont and the fungal partner is called Mycobiont.
The Algal partner forms only 1-5% of lichen body (lichen thallus). In the phycobiont, the members which are present belong to Chlorophyceae and BGA. The phycobiont forms food for the fungi and performs photosynthesis. If the phycobiont is GBA, then it is involved in nitrogen fixation such type of lichen which can perform Nitrogen fixation is known as Azotodesmic.
In the mycobiont, the fungal partner belongs to Ascomycetes but in a few cases, it can also be a member of Basidiomycetes. Mycobiont protects algae. It will form a protective covering along phycobiont (Algal partner). Along with that it also helps in the attachment of lichen to a different surface. It also assists with water and mineral absorption.

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Two-kingdom system of classification: Characters, Disadvantages, and Dual Organisms

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Five-kingdom system of classification: Definition and Characters
Hello, dear students today we will discuss the Five-kingdom system of classification, it was R.H. Whittaker in 1969 classified organisms into Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Animalia, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Monera, and New one Kingdom Fungi.
Characters for 5 kingdom classification
1. The organism is pro-karyotic or eu-karyotic
2.The organism is unicellular or multicellular
3. The living being is auto-trophic or hetero-trophic, if the living being is hetero-trophic it is three types A. parasitic B. saprophytic C. holozoic
4. Reproduction refers to whether the individual perform asexually, sexually or both
5. Evolutionary relationship describes how a new individual evolved from an older one, how creation took place

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Binomial Nomenclature: Definition, Rules and Advantages

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Tri-Nomial Nomenclature
The Tri-Nomial Nomenclature was given by Lamark. According to this Nomenclature, the name of an organism consists of three words that is why it is called a trinomial system of Nomenclature. The first name is called Generic name, The second name is called Species name or Species epithet and the third name is known as Sub-species for Animals or variety for Plants.

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Taxonomic Aids: Definition, Types, Examples, and Importance

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Herbarium: Definition, Kinds, and Functions
A herbarium is a place for the storage of dried, pressed plant specimens mounted on herbarium sheets. So we can easily be called Herbarium as a storehouse of plants.
A herbarium is a place where plants collected from far and wide are preserved in pressed and dried conditions. they are kept in pigeon holes of almirahs according to an accepted system of classification. The art of Herbarium was started by an Italian taxonomist Luca Ghini (1490-1556). Plant specimens in a dried state have been preserved for over 450 years. Gherardo Cibo obtained the oldest known Herbarium specimen in 1532, which is held in Rome.
Note: The Herbarium specimens are systematically arranged on Bentham and Hooker classification system.

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Taxonomic Hierarchy: Definition, Principles, Taxonomic categories, and Taxon

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Taxonomy Definition:
The concept taxonomy was first provided by De Candolle in 1813. The Greek term taxis which means arranging and nomos which means rule are combined to form taxonomy. Thus taxonomy is described as the organization of living creatures such as flora and fauna into a categorization framework. Taxonomy is the art of naming, describing, and arranging species on the earth. Taxonomy is the study of the classifications recognition and naming of living beings.

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Biodiversity: Definition, Types, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Significance and Mega-diversity Countries

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Mega diverse country(India)
India has been discovered as being one of the countries with a great number of the majority of forms of life an enormous percentage of flora and fauna with a diverse range of types rich in Bio-diversity that is why it is described as a Mega Bio-diversity country

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Multiрle-сhоiсe questiоns (MСQs) аnd Рrасtiсe tests (Gymnosperms)

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Question 1. Conifers have evolved to withstand harsh environmental conditions Because of A.Broad hardy leaves B. Superficial stomata C. Thick cuticle D. Presence of vessels Question 2. Coralloid roots are found in which of the following genera? A.Cycas B.Taxus C. Pinus D. Sequoia Question 3. Vessels are absent in the wood of A.Pine B. Eucalyptus

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Multiрle-сhоiсe questiоns (MСQs) аnd Рrасtiсe tests (Pteridophytes)

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Question 1. Which of the subsequent are homosporousA.Salvinia, Equisetum. B. Salvinia, Lycopodium C. Selaginella, SalviniaD. Lycopodium, EquisetumQuestion 2. Meiosis in Dryopteris takes place duringA.Spore formation B. Gamete formation C. Spore germination D. Zygote formationQuestion 3. Male gamete transport is required in bryophytes and pteridophytes.A.Birds B. Water C. Wind D. InsectsQuestion 4. Which of the following claims about

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