Hepaticopsida (Liverworts)
The name Hepaticopsida has been derived from the Latin word Hepatica which means liver. In the medieval period, these plants were used in treating liver disorders. Hence the members of this class are commonly known as Hepatics or Liverworts. The class is represented by about 280 genera and 9500 species distributed in both tropical and temperate parts of the world.
Bryophytes: Liverworts, Hornworts, and Mosses Read More »
Dicots
Examples, Trees, Shrubs, and Herbs Peach, Cherry, Cotton, Carrot, Cucumber, and other fruits and vegetables
Dicots verses Monocots Read More »
The Phasmatodea, often known as the Phasmida or walkingstick insects, are leaf insects. All the species are stick-shaped, while several tropical species resemble leaves (Family Timemidae). The Phasmatodea are also known as walking sticks, stick animals, bug sticks, stick insects, and stick bugs. Other names for them include Devil’s darning needles.
Phasmatodeans are mostly nocturnal creatures that mimic various plant parts, such as twigs, bark, and living or dead leaves, in extreme cases of masquerade crypsis. The vast majority of surviving phasmatodeans have long, slender legs and an extended tubular body, giving them a stick-like appearance. Less frequently, taxa display a more robust body with expansions in the shape of leaves, yet, as recently published fossils imply, mimicry of leaves may have developed before that of twigs (Wang et al. 2014). Through specific behaviours like catalepsy (adapted stillness) and imitating a leaf swinging in the breeze during the day, several types of plant mimicry are brought to perfection (Bedford 1978, Bian et al. 2016). Phasmatodeans can deceive visually seeking predators with this astonishing sort of mimicry, and even their eggs exhibit it. The remarkably hard-shelled and intricately sculpted capsules closely resemble plant seeds (Bedford 1978, Sellick 1997, Goldberg et al. 2015).
Stick insect: Distribution, Life History, Ecology, Characteristics, and Life Cycle Read More »
The name cyanobacteria come from their color, giving them their other name, “blue-green algae”, The cyanobacteria are also known as Cyanophyceae because of their blue color. they are also called micro-alga, blue-green algae. It is the largest gram-negative bacteria. The cyanobacteria are also called oxy–photo–bacteria because it contains PS1 and PS2. The PS2 which is present is involved in the water broke down means there is the release of oxygen. When it performs photosynthesis it releases oxygen so we can say it is oxygenic photosynthesis, due to this oxygenic photosynthesis was performed by cyanobacteria, a primitive earth atmosphere that was anaerobic that was changed to present-day earth atmosphere i.e aerobic. this is the only bacterial group that shows oxygenic photosynthesis. the present-day oxygen which is present today is due to the presence of their activity i.e cyanobacteria.
The word Archaea comes from the Ancient Greek word meaning ancient things. the first observed archaea were living in harsh environments such as hot springs and salt lakes. Archaea are found in almost every habitat, including soils, oceans, and marshlands. They are found in the gut, mouth, and skin. these are old bacteria. These are the organisms when the first life originated. these are the first organisms as they are capable of surviving in extreme conditions e,g in hot conditions at almost 100 degrees, highly acidic conditions i.e. high PH and high salt areas.
Archaebacteria Characteristics
Archaebacteria have several characteristics
1. the Archaebacteria are primitive from an evolutionary point of view
2. they are considered the oldest living fossils
3. the Archaebacteria are prokaryotic organisms
4. Archaebacteria have cell membranes made up of branched lipids and hydrocarbons.
5. their cell wall is made up of complex polysaccharides and complex polypeptides.
6. the nucleoid is present
7. Peptidoglycan is absent in the cell wall of Archaebacteria.
8. Mostly behave as obligate anaerobes i.e oxygen is a poison to these bacteria.
Archaebacteria: Definition, Characteristics, Types, Nutrition, and, Respiration Read More »
Wodyetia bifurcata (Foxtail palm) A member of the Arecaceae, or palm family, The leaflets are deep green with a silvery underside and are approximately 6 inches long and 2 inches wide. The species of Foxtail palms mature at roughly 12 years of age and are then able to produce inflorescences, earning them the honorary name “Wodyeti” in honour of an Australian aborigine. They were the last member of his tribe to be familiar with the local flora and fauna, as well as the inflorescence that grows at the base of the crownshaft.
The epithet bifurcata is Latin for “bifurcate” which means “bears white blooms.” Concerning the plant’s leaves, both male and female flowers are “twice divided.” The plant is capable of self-fertilization, making it the only species in its genus that can be classified as monoecious. It is native to Australia.
Foxtail palm: Classification, Characteristics, and, Insect Problems Read More »
The House fly, (Musca domestica) Linnaeus, is a common household and agricultural pest. Always associated with humans or human activity, this species can be discovered. On hog and poultry farms, horse stables, and ranches, it is the species that is most frequently encountered. House flies can carry disease-causing pathogens in addition to being an annoyance. The presence of close human habitations makes excessive fly populations potentially dangerous for the public’s health in addition to being an annoyance to field employees.
This widespread fly was first discovered in the steppes of central Asia, but it can now be found on every continent where people live, in all types of climates—from tropical to temperate—and in both rural and urban settings. It is frequently linked to animal waste, but it has adapted well to feeding on trash, making it widespread practically everywhere people dwell.
Stomatal Movement: Opening and Closing of Stomata, Mechanism, Antitranspirants, and Guttation Opening and Closing of Stomata The distinctive shape of the stomata makes them distinct from the nearby epidermal cells. The epidermal cells that surround the stomata nearby can resemble other epidermal cells or they can be unique and specialised. They are referred to as
Transpiration As a Necessary Evil,
1. When the rate of transpiration is high and the soil is water-deficient, the plants may experience an internal water deficit that affects metabolic functions.
2. To control transpiration, many xerophytes must undergo structural modifications and adaptations.
3. To prevent water loss, deciduous trees must lose their leaves in the fall.
However, despite the numerous drawbacks, plants must transpire because of their unusual internal structure, especially that of their leaves. Although primarily intended for gaseous exchange for respiration, P.S., etc., their interior structure is such that it cannot prevent water from evaporating. As a result, several scientists, including Curtis (1926), have referred to transpiration as a necessary evil.
Transpiration: Definition, Types, Factors, and Significance Read More »
A few key elements concerning Evolution
About 25 billion years ago, the Universe began to form. About 4 billion years ago, life began. The conditions on Earth at the time of life’s inception are as follows:
1. Extremely hot temperatures, i.e. 800°C
2. Gases such as CH4, NH3, He, H2, and water vapours were present in the form of lighter components.
3. Heavy elements such as Fe (iron) and Nickel (Ni) are found in the Earth’s core.
4. The only source of energy was ultraviolet light, which favoured photochemical reactions.
5. During the period of evolution, there was no molecular oxygen in the atmosphere, i.e. the atmosphere was reduced.
Biology: Definition, Branches, Botany, Zoology, Systematics, and Significance Read More »
