July 2022

Genetic Disorders or Syndromes: Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, Phenylketonuria (PKU), and, Klinefelter Syndrome For Class 11th, and 12th  

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Klinefelter Syndrome
Dr. Harry Klinefelter and his colleagues originally identified the set of characteristics that has come to be known as Klinefelter Syndrome in 1942. By the late 1950s, scientists had found that men who experienced this set of symptoms possessed an additional sex chromosome, XXY, rather than the typical male configuration of XY. Even while XXY is frequent, the condition is not prevalent. Many guys go through life never even realizing that they have an extra chromosome. Due to this, the name “Klinefelter syndrome” is no longer widely used in the medical field. Instead, many professionals prefer to refer to guys with an additional chromosome as “XXY males.”

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Thalassemia: Definition, Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

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Thalassaemia first appears Only by understanding the parents’ thalassemia status before the child is conceived can major children be avoided. To determine whether the index foetus is affected or not, parents who test positively for the carrier condition on both sides of the family must be advised to undergo prenatal diagnosis counseling in the first trimester of pregnancy. The couple is recommended to get a medical abortion if they are harmed.

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Pedigree Analysis: Definition, Methods, and its Importance For Class 12th, and NEET

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Pedigree Analysis: Definition
A Pedigree is a diagrammatic description of how a specific trait or traits are passed down genetically across two or more generations of biologically related people. In other words, it is the use of symbols and ancestral lines to symbolize the links between family members. It helps in putting family relationships into perspective, especially for big extended families. To ascertain how various genetic illnesses are inherited, it is frequently utilized. Drawing a family tree using common symbols allows one to trace their family history and better comprehend inheritance types. In a Pedigree, males and females are symbolized differently, and relationships are depicted using various line patterns. Additionally, several symbols are used to symbolize carriers of a genetic characteristic or those who are impacted by it.

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Life Forms of Plants Based on Climate: Predation, Parasitism Allelopathy, Symbiosis, and Commensalism For Class 10th, 11th, and 12th

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Symbiosis
When two different species work together for their mutual benefit, the relationship is known as a symbiotic association, and the involved species are known as symbionts. Examples of symbiotic relationships include phycobiont and mycobiont affiliations in lichen, rhizobium associations in root nodules, and mycorrhizal relationships in various species. Ectosymbiosis, like the mycorrhizal connection, is when two species live apart from one another. Endosymbiosis, on the other hand, is when one organism lives inside the other, like algal cells within the fungal matrix in lichens and rhizobium bacteria in plant root nodules.

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Adaptations of Plants to Environmental Factors: light variations,  Temperature variations, Thermoperiodism, and Vernalization For Class 10th, 11th, and 12th

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(I) Short-Day Plants, which only develop and reproduce normally when the photoperiod is less than a critical maximum (12–14 hrs), like Cannabis sativa, Andropogon virginicus, and Datura stramonimum,
(II) long-Day Plants, develop and reproduce normally when the photoperiod is greater than a critical minimum (12–14 hrs). Long-day plants, like Brassica rapa and Sorghum vulgar, are those whose growth and reproduction are boosted by day lengths greater than the critical day length.
(III) Day-Neutral plants since they don’t care about the duration of the photoperiod. such as Cucumis, Poa,

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Adaptations of Plants: Morphological, Physiological, and Anatomical Adaptations for Class 10th, 11th, and 12Th

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Xerophytes
Xerophytes are plants that thrive in xeric or dry environments. Xeric environments are places where the amount of available water is insufficient.
Xeric habitats may be of the following types
Dry habitats (where the water-retaining capacity of the soil is very low and the climate is dry, e.g., desert, rock surface, wasteland, etc.).
Physiologically dry habitats (areas where water is abundant but cannot be readily absorbed by plants). These environments could be very hot, overly cold, or excessively acidic. Habitats become literally and physiologically dry, such as the side of mountains.
Xerophytes are plants that are typically found in the desert and semi-arid environments, but they can also flourish in mesophytic environments when there is enough water available. Extreme dryness, low humidity, and high temperatures are all circumstances that these plants can tolerate.
These plants develop unique structural and physiological traits when growing in unfavourable settings, primarily focusing on the following goals:
(a) absorb as much water from the environment as possible
(b) retain water in their organs for a very long period
(c) limit transpiration rate to a minimum
(d) prevent excessive water consumption.

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