GENETICS AND HEREDITY

Monozygotic Twins: Are they Identical?

Merry and Sherry were confused for each other from the day of their birth until they were children, teenagers, and adults. Merry is mistakenly named Sherry almost half the time when they are separated, and Sherry is mistakenly called Merry just as frequently. Even their parents can tell them apart. Since Merry and Sherry were both born from a single fertilized egg, they are monozygotic, or identical, twins. When the embryo split into two cell masses at an early cleavage stage, both cell masses grew into full embryos normally. On April 7, 1955, one infant was called Merry, and the other Sherry.

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Multi –Drug-Resistant Bacteria: A Ticking Timebomb

How serious a threat does the evolution of MDR bacteria pose to human health? Dr. Lee Reichman, on of the world’s leading expert on TB, has reffered to MDR-M, TUBERCULOSIS as a “timebomb”. World, 2 billion people (15 million in the United states) are infected with latent M.tuberculosis. Of these, 8.4 million develop active TB and 2 million die every year. Most of these cases of TB are currently treatable with antibiotics. However, imagine the enormity of the crisis if MDR-M. tuberculosis becomes widespread. Should we begin taking steps to avoid such crisis now –before the “timebomb” explodes?

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                A Walk by the Lake

Within the cities of this society, the lakes and their environs changed. Parks sprang up around the lakes, providing places for recreation, Today, people come to the lakes to swim, cycle, skate or jog. Many come simply to walk. In the city of Minneapolis, for example, all sorts of people can be seen strolling by Lake Harriet on a warm summer evening. Some are descended from the native people who settled in this area when the ice sheets melted. Others are described as African, Asian, European, or South American immigrants. These ethnic groups are differentiated by many physical traits- stature, body build, head shape, facial structure, skin colour and hair texture to name just a few. Within ethnic groups, however, people are more similar and within families, they may even look alike.

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GENETICS AND HEREDITY: Long Answer Type Question Class 10th CHAPTER 14 JKBOSE/NCERT

Analogous organs: These are structures that have similar functions and may superficially resemble each other, but they have different evolutionary origins and do not share a common ancestry.
Analogous organs arise due to convergent evolution, where different species independently evolve similar adaptations in response to similar environmental pressures.
For example, the wings of birds and insects are analogous organs as they serve the same purpose of flying but have different underlying structures and evolutionary origins.
Homologous organs: These are structures that have similar characteristics, both in terms of their structure and evolutionary origin, indicating a common ancestry.
Homologous organs share a similar basic structure but may have different functions in different species.
For example, the forelimbs of humans, bats, cats, and whales have a similar bone structure, indicating a common ancestor, but they have different functions in each species (e.g., grasping, flying, walking, swimming).

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